Installing and Operating 4.4BSD UNIX
July 27, 1993

Marshall Kirk McKusick

Keith Bostic

Michael J. Karels

Samuel J. Leffler

Computer Systems Research Group
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
University of California, Berkeley
Berkeley, California 94720
(415) 642-7780

Mike Hibler

Center for Software Science
Department of Computer Science
University of Utah
Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
(801) 581-5017

ABSTRACT

      This document contains instructions for the installation and operation of the 4.4BSD release of UNIX[note 1] as distributed by The University of California at Berkeley.

      It discusses procedures for installing UNIX on a new machine, and for upgrading an existing 4.3BSD UNIX system to the new release. An explanation of how to lay out filesystems on available disks and the space requirements for various parts of the system are given. A brief overview of the major changes to the system between 4.3BSD and 4.4BSD are outlined. An explanation of how to set up terminal lines and user accounts, and how to do system-specific tailoring is provided. A description of how to install and configure the 4.4BSD networking facilities is included. Finally, the document details system operation procedures: shutdown and startup, filesystem backup procedures, resource control, performance monitoring, and procedures for recompiling and reinstalling system software.

Table of Contents

• 1. Introduction  
  • 1.1. Distribution format  
  • 1.2. UNIX device naming  
  • 1.3. UNIX devices: block and raw  
• 2. Bootstrap procedure  
  • 2.1. Bootstrapping from the tape  
  • 2.2. Booting the HP300  
    • 2.2.1. Supported hardware  
    • 2.2.2. Standalone device file naming  
    • 2.2.3. The procedure  
      • 2.2.3.1. Step 1: selecting and formatting a disk  
      • 2.2.3.2. Step 2: copying the root filesystem from tape to disk  
      • 2.2.3.3. Step 3: booting the root filesystem  
      • 2.2.3.4. Step 4: (optional) restoring the root filesystem  
      • 2.2.3.5. Step 5: placing labels on the disks  
  • 2.3. Booting the SPARC  
    • 2.3.1. Supported hardware  
    • 2.3.2. Limitations  
    • 2.3.3. The procedure  
  • 2.4. Booting the DECstation  
    • 2.4.1. Supported hardware  
    • 2.4.2. The procedure  
      • 2.4.2.1. Procedure A: copy root filesystem to disk  
      • 2.4.2.2. Procedure B: bootstrap from tape  
      • 2.4.2.3. Procedure C: bootstrap over the network  
    • 2.4.3. Label disk and create the root filesystem  
  • 2.5. Disk configuration  
    • 2.5.1. Disk naming and divisions  
    • 2.5.2. Layout considerations  
    • 2.5.3. Filesystem parameters  
    • 2.5.4. Implementing a layout  
  • 2.6. Installing the rest of the system  
  • 2.7. Additional conversion information  
• 3. Upgrading a 4.3BSD system  
  • 3.1. Installation overview  
  • 3.2. Files to save  
  • 3.3. Installing 4.4BSD  
  • 3.4. Merging your files from 4.3BSD into 4.4BSD  
    • 3.4.1. Changes in the /etc directory  
    • 3.4.2. Shadow password files  
    • 3.4.3. The /var filesystem  
  • 3.5. Bug fixes and changes between 4.3BSD and 4.4BSD  
    • 3.5.1. Changes to the kernel  
    • 3.5.2. Security  
      • 3.5.2.1. Virtual memory changes  
      • 3.5.2.2. Networking additions and changes  
      • 3.5.2.3. Additions and changes to filesystems  
      • 3.5.2.4. POSIX terminal driver changes  
      • 3.5.2.5. Native operating system compatibility  
    • 3.5.3. Changes to the utilities  
      • 3.5.3.1. Make and Makefiles  
      • 3.5.3.2. Kerberos  
      • 3.5.3.3. Timezone support  
      • 3.5.3.4. Additions and changes to the libraries  
      • 3.5.3.5. Additions and changes to other utilities  
  • 3.6. Hints on converting from 4.3BSD to 4.4BSD  
• 4. System setup  
  • 4.1. Kernel configuration  
    • 4.1.1. Kernel organization  
    • 4.1.2. Devices and device drivers  
    • 4.1.3. Building new system images  
  • 4.2. Configuring terminals  
  • 4.3. Adding users  
  • 4.4. Site tailoring  
  • 4.5. Setting up the line printer system  
  • 4.6. Setting up the mail system  
    • 4.6.1. Setting up a UUCP connection  
• 5. Network setup  
  • 5.1. System configuration  
  • 5.2. Local subnets  
  • 5.3. Internet broadcast addresses  
  • 5.4. Routing  
  • 5.5. Use of 4.4BSD machines as gateways  
  • 5.6. Network databases  
    • 5.6.1. Network servers  
    • 5.6.2. Internet daemon  
    • 5.6.3. The /etc/hosts.equiv file  
    • 5.6.4. The /etc/ftpusers file  
• 6. System operation  
  • 6.1. Bootstrap and shutdown procedures  
  • 6.2. Device errors and diagnostics  
  • 6.3. Filesystem checks, backups, and disaster recovery  
  • 6.4. Moving filesystem data  
  • 6.5. Monitoring system performance  
  • 6.6. Recompiling and reinstalling system software  
  • 6.7. Making local modifications  
  • 6.8. Accounting  
  • 6.9. Resource control  
  • 6.10. Network troubleshooting  
  • 6.11. Files that need periodic attention  
• Footnotes